What is Earth Sciences and the History of It

Land SciencesThe name of earth sciences, in general, refers to all areas of science that study the Earth and its atmosphere. They include geography, geology, geophysics, as well as branches of science of mineralogy, oceanography, and meteorology. All are closely linked not only with each other, but also in related sciences. The most important related sciences are chemistry, physics, biology, and the framework of various segments history.Within, deals chiefly with the geology of our Earth rocks (petrography), both on the surface and interior of the earth. This is not only the study of the current state but also as it was in the past and how it changed throughout Earth's history - as it happened, and so includes the impact of exogenous forces that seek as the sun, the wind forces water and ice, and endogenous looking for convective flows within the earth, volcanic activity, earthquakes, plate tectonics, etc., plants and animal fossils and paleontology studies Malthus acquires knowledge of the past. This knowledge provides a valuable aid for the geological dating (historical geology). Geophysics uses in his study of the Earth, the knowledge gained from physics. It includes, among other things, a study of the Earth's magnetic field, the temperature of the earth, the effects of the moon on the tides (high tide and low tide), and the study of Earth's gravity. Predicting earthquakes (seismology) and is therefore the volcanic activity of the tasks of geophysics. Meteorology, Geophysics another area, is the study of Earth's atmosphere. Here, climate studies and weather play important role.Geography deals with the study and description of the land surface. It 's divided into two parts: one is the general geography of phenomena on the Earth on a global scale, the other is the regional geography, which focuses on the specifics of a given Science region.Earth therefore includes oceanography. Studies of Oceanography oceans, ie, studying their chemical and physical properties and their currents. It also deals with the relationship between oceans and climate, the deposits of raw materials in the bottom of the sea, pollution in the oceans, and the addition issues.In other hand, there are numerous branches, looking at how the science of soil, geodesy, cartography (mapping), the geography of plants, geoinformatics, aerial survey of the Earth, and many others. A large and diverse number of institutes and research centers are dedicated to continuous acquisition of new information that is important part is where the future of mankind, especially when it concerns climate change, environmental damage, and other vital areas of minor importance . History SciencesAncient geology of the Earth, which has mainly studied the structure of the earth with his composition, was part of natural philosophy. The question of the origins of the Earth was always in search foreground.Natural phenomena such as volcanic eruptions and earthquakes are related to the gods and goddesses. Already in the 6 th century BC, Anaximander greek philosopher and astronomer Millet has developed a theory that the universe and the earth and then, consists of concentrically arranged cylinders. Greek philosopher poet Xenophanes and found that, centuries ago, fossilized shells were made by the imprint of the animals. Around 100 BC, people began to understand the link between the tide and the important role played moon.Fossils when acquiring new information in the Middle Ages as well. In connection with the work of N. Stensen, a Danish naturalist, the year 1669 marks the beginning of modern geology, deterministic as he extracts the upper layers of the earth is younger than the lower layers. He also found that the layers of earth were originally deposited horizontally fractured and deformed by internal forces of geology Earth.Modern of 18 th century saw a clear separation between the biblical concept of creation and the real history of the earth. The first geological map of a specific region was made (by Füchsel in 1761). There followed a discussion regarding all the rocks are the result if the action of water or volcanic activity. In 1875, thanks to the efforts of Eberhard Sweet, the first general theory on the origins of the mountains has been proposed. At that time, it is quietly assumed that the Earth is constantly contracting, Malthus that cause the "folding" of the mountain ranges (theory reduction). The discovery of radioactivity in the 20 th century provided a new method of dating rocks. Alfred Werner, with his idea of ​​change in continental Europe, has introduced a new line of thought regarding the origins of large mountain ranges. This approach was subsequently incorporated into the tectonic plates of the lithosphere, which is now gene expression accepted.In field of geography (area branch) dealing with the description and interpretation of the surface of the earth, Egyptians, Chinese, and the Phoenicians already explored regions unknown during their travels to far-reaching. In the 4 th century BC, Aristotle deterministic mined that the Earth is round. Eratosthenes (276-196 BC) was the first to calculate the circumference of the earth. In the 2 nd century AD astronomer Ptolemy greek compiled a wealth of geographic information collected by the Greeks and Romans during the wars and conquest feed travels.No fundamental science has been recorded in the Middle Ages, because there was only a small number of exploratory trips . New discoveries and important, however, came in 13 th century with Marco Polo, and the coast in 15 and 16 with centuries of Spanish and Portuguese explorations along the African sailors. At that time, was beyond any doubt that recognized the earth is a sphere and a cylinder, as was previously assumed.For a long time, the work of German geographer Varenius, that geography classified into three parts, which considered to be the cornerstone of science. The first part concerns the study of Earth's shape and size, the second deals with the seasons, climate, and the tide in relation to the position of the earth in the universe, and the third part focuses on the comparison between the different regions of the Earth . In 18 century, Immanuel Kant, and in the 19 st century, Alexander von Humboldt, were among those whose work in various branches of the science of geography led to important advances in this science. At that time there was a proliferation of geographical societies and journals that have supported the publication of science and diffusion of new geographical knowledge. In early 20 th century, the old methods were still used. Later, new geographical knowledge began to be evaluated using mathematical and statistics.Beginning in 1960, the development of modern computers has facilitated the collection, analysis, and, above all, the storage of geographic data. Today, computer simulations have an important role. [ABSTRACT] Terra Geosciences SciencesThe name refers generally to all scientific fields to study the Earth and its atmosphere. These include geography, geology, geophysics, mineralogy, and studies, oceanography and meteorology. All of them are not only closely related, but also sciences related links. The most important are related sciences chemistry, physics, biology and history.Within through various segments, mainly deals with the geology of the earth rocks (petrography), both surface and interior of the earth. This study not only on the current situation, but also about how it was in the past and how they've changed over the earth - as is happening, and so includes the effects of external forces such as solar, wind, water and ice, and endogenous forces such as convection currents within the Earth, volcanoes, earthquakes, plate tectonics, paleontology, etc. Studies of fossilized plants and animals, and then acquires the knowledge of the past. This knowledge provides a valuable aid for the geological dating (historical geology). Geophysics uses in his study of the earth, the knowledge gained from physics. It includes, among other things, a study of the Earth's magnetic field, soil temperatures, the effects of the moon on tides (tides), and the study of Earth's gravity. Prediction of earthquakes (seismology) and volcanic activity is also the tasks of geophysics. Meteorology, another area of ​​geophysics deals with the study of Earth's atmosphere. Hence the study of climate and weather forecasting is an important role.Geography deals with the investigation and description of the land surface. It 's divided into two parts: one is the general geography of the world struggling with global phenomena, the other is the regional geography, which focuses on the specifics of a particular science region.Earth also oceanography. Studies of Oceanography oceans, that is, who have studied their chemical and physical properties and their currents. It also deals with the relationship between oceans and climate, natural resources are under the seabed, the pollution in oceans and other issues.In In addition, many industries, such as soil science, geodesy, cartography (mapping), plant geography, Geoinformatics, aerial photographs of the earth, and many others. A large and diverse number of research centers and institutes dedicated to acquiring new information constantly, which is sometimes important for the future of the human race, especially when it comes to climate change, environmental degradation, and other areas of Geology importance.History SciencesAncient earth, has mainly studied the structure of the earth with his composition, formed a part of natural philosophy. The question of the origin of the earth was still foreground.Natural phenomena such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions have been linked to the gods and goddesses. Already in the sixth century BC, Anaximander greek philosopher and astronomer Millet has developed a theory that the universe, and then the earth as well, consists of concentric cylinders. Greek poet and philosopher Xenophanes found that were made long ago, fossil shells from the imprint of the animals. Around 100 BC, people began to recognize the link between the flood and moon.Fossils played an important role in the acquisition of new information in the Middle Ages as well. In connection with the work of N. Stensen, a Danish naturalist, 1669 marked the beginning of modern geology, causing the upper layers of the earth is younger than the lower layers. He also noted that the layers were originally deposited horizontally and cut off by the internal forces of geology Earth.Modern Century 18 as a clear separation between the observes the biblical concept of creation and the real history of the earth. The first geological map consists of a particular region was (from Füchsel in 1761). There followed a discussion about the fact that all rocks were the result of the action of water or volcanic activity. In 1875, thanks to the efforts of Eberhard Sweet, presented the first complete theory of the origin of mountains. At that time it was thought that the earth is steadily shrinking, so the "folding" of the mountain ranges (theory reduction). The discovery of radioactivity in the 20 Century has presented a new method for dating rocks. Alfred Werner, with his idea of ​​Continental Shift, a new line of thought on the origins of the great mountain ranges. This approach was followed in the tectonic plates of the lithosphere, which is now generally accepted.In field of geography (whole country) who explored included with the description and interpretation of the surface of the earth, Egyptians, Chinese, and already the Phoenicians in unfamiliar During his extensive travels. In the fourth century BC, Aristotle says that the earth is round. To calculate Eratosthenes (276-196 BC) was the first man, the earth's circumference. Greek astronomer Ptolemy in the second Century AD compiled a wealth of geographic information by the Greeks and Romans during their wars of conquest and progress of science travels.No big meeting early Middle Ages was recorded, as there was only a small number of research expeditions. New discoveries and important, however, came in 13 th Century, with Marco Polo and the 15 and 16 in the Century, with the study of Spanish and Portuguese navigator along the African coast. At that time, there was no doubt that the earth is a sphere and a cylinder has not been recognized previously assumed.For long as the work of German geographer Varenius, geography has been divided into three parts, such as cornerstone of his science. The first part concerns the study of the shape and size of the earth, the second deals with the seasons, climate, and the flood in relation to the position of the earth in the universe, and the third part focuses on the comparison of the various regions of earth. In the eighteenth century, was Immanuel Kant, and in the 19 th Century, Alexander von Humboldt, led by those whose work in various branches of the science of geography as an important advancement of this science. At that time there was a proliferation of geographical societies and journals that support science through the publication and dissemination of new geographical knowledge. At the beginning of 20 century were still using the old methods. Later, new geographical knowledge of the use of mathematics and statistics.Beginning can be launched in 1960, has facilitated the development of modern computers, compilation, analysis, and particularly the preservation of geographic data. Today, computer simulations have an important role.